One day, humankind may step foot on another habitable planet. That planet
may look very different from Earth, but one thing will feel familiar -- the
rain.
In a recent paper, Harvard researchers found that raindrops are remarkably
similar across different planetary environments, even planets as drastically
different as Earth and Jupiter. Understanding the behavior of raindrops on
other planets is key to not only revealing the ancient climate on planets
like Mars but identifying potentially habitable planets outside our solar
system.
"The lifecycle of clouds is really important when we think about planet
habitability," said Kaitlyn Loftus, a graduate student in the Department of
Earth and Planetary Sciences and lead author of the paper. "But clouds and
precipitation are really complicated and too complex to model completely.
We're looking for simpler ways to understand how clouds evolve, and a first
step is whether cloud droplets evaporate in the atmosphere or make it to the
surface as rain."
"The humble raindrop is a vital component of the precipitation cycle for all
planets," said Robin Wordsworth, Associate Professor of Environmental
Science and Engineering at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and senior author of the paper. "If we
understand how individual raindrops behave, we can better represent rainfall
in complex climate models."
An essential aspect of raindrop behavior, at least to climate modelers, is
whether or not the raindrop makes it to the surface of the planet because
water in the atmosphere plays a big role in planetary climate. To that end,
size matters. Too big and the drop will break apart due to insufficient
surface tension, regardless of whether it's water, methane or superheated,
liquid iron as on an exoplanet called WASP-76b. Too small and the drop will
evaporate before hitting the surface.
Loftus and Wordsworth identified a Goldilocks zone for raindrop size using
just three properties: drop shape, falling speed, and evaporation speed.
Drop shapes are the same across different rain materials and primarily
depend on how heavy the drop is. While many of us may picture a traditional
tear-shaped droplet, raindrops are actually spherical when small, becoming
squashed as they grow larger until they transition into a shape like the top
of a hamburger bun. Falling speed depends on this shape as well as gravity
and the thickness of the surrounding air.
Evaporation speed is more complicated, influenced by atmospheric
composition, pressure, temperature, relative humidity and more.
By taking all of these properties into account, Loftus and Wordsworth found
that across a wide range of planetary conditions, the math of raindrop
falling means only a very small fraction of the possible drop sizes in a
cloud can reach the surface.
"We can use this behavior to guide us as we model cloud cycles on
exoplanets," said Loftus.
"The insights we gain from thinking about raindrops and clouds in diverse
environments are key to understanding exoplanet habitability," said
Wordsworth. "In the long term, they can also help us gain a deeper
understanding of the climate of Earth itself."
Reference:
The Physics of Falling Raindrops in Diverse Planetary Atmospheres
Kaitlyn Loftus Robin D. Wordsworth