Two independent studies have illuminated unexpected substructures in the
fundamental components of all matter. Preliminary results using a novel
tagging method could explain the origin of the longstanding nuclear paradox
known as the EMC effect. Meanwhile, authors will share next steps after the
recent observation of asymmetrical antimatter in the proton.
Both groups will discuss their experiments at DOE's Thomas Jefferson
National Accelerator Facility and Fermilab during the 2021 Fall Meeting of
the APS Division of Nuclear Physics.
One study presents new evidence on the EMC effect, identified nearly 40
years ago when researchers at CERN discovered something surprising: Protons
and neutrons bound in an atomic nucleus can change their internal makeup of
quarks and gluons. But why such modifications arise, and how to predict
them, remains unknown.
For the first time, scientists have measured the EMC effect by tagging
spectator neutrons, taking a major step toward solving the mystery.
"We present results from a new transformative measurement of a novel
observable that provides direct insight into the origin of the EMC effect,"
said Tyler T. Kutz, a postdoctoral researcher at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology and Zuckerman Postdoctoral Scholar at Tel Aviv University, who
will reveal the findings at the meeting.
Inside the Backward Angle Neutron Detector (BAND) at Jefferson Lab, tagged
spectator neutrons "split" the nuclear wave function into different
sections. This process maps how momentum and density affect the structure of
bound nucleons.
The team uncovered sizable, unpredicted effects. Preliminary observations
offer direct evidence that the EMC effect is connected with nucleon
fluctuations of high local density and high momentum.
"The results have major implications for our understanding of the QCD
structure of visible matter," said Efrain Segarra, a graduate student at MIT
working on the experiment. The research could shed light on the nature of
confinement, strong interactions, and the fundamental composition of matter.
A team from Fermilab found evidence that antimatter asymmetry also plays a
crucial role in nucleon properties—a landmark observation published earlier
this year in Nature. New analysis indicates that in the most extreme case, a
single antiquark can be responsible for almost half the momentum of a
proton.
"This surprising result clearly shows that even at high momentum fractions,
antimatter is an important part of the proton," said Shivangi Prasad, a
researcher at Argonne National Laboratory. "It demonstrates the importance
of nonperturbative approaches to the structure of the basic building block
of matter, the proton."
Prasad will discuss the SeaQuest experiment that found more "down"
antiquarks than "up" antiquarks within the proton. She will also share
preliminary research on sea-quark and gluon distributions.
"The SeaQuest Collaboration looked inside the proton by slamming a
high-energy beam of protons into targets made of hydrogen (essentially
protons) and deuterium (nuclei containing single protons and neutrons),"
said Prasad.
"Within the proton, quarks and antiquarks are held together by extremely
strong nuclear forces—so great that they can create antimatter-matter quark
pairs out of empty space!" she explained. But the subatomic pairings only
exist for a fleeting moment before they annihilate.
The antiquark results have renewed interest in several earlier explanations
for antimatter asymmetry in the proton. Prasad plans to discuss future
measurements that could test the proposed mechanisms.
Reference:
J. Dove et al, The asymmetry of antimatter in the proton, Nature (2021).
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03282-z
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