A pair of researchers at the Medical University of Vienna and University of
Vienna has found that dogs notice when objects in the world do not conform
to the laws of physics. In their paper published in the journal Biology
Letters, Christoph Völter and Ludwig Huber describe experiments they
conducted with pet dogs looking at objects depicted on a computer screen.
Prior research has shown that human babies and adult chimpanzees tend to
notice if something they are looking at appears to violate the laws of
physics—things dropping upwards, instead of down, for example. In this new
effort, the researchers have found the same is true for pet dogs.
The experiments by the researchers involved first teaching 14 adult pet dogs
to watch a video while resting their chins on a cushioned fixture. The
cushion was situated in a way that allowed for conducting eye tracking and
also measuring pupil dilation in the dogs.
Once the dogs were trained, each was asked to watch a video that showed one
ball rolling toward another. Eventually, the first ball collided with a
second, forcing the first to stop moving as the second began to move in
reaction to the collision. Next, each dog was asked to watch a similar
video, only this time, the moving ball stopped rolling before it collided
with the second ball. But the second ball behaved as if it had been hit,
suddenly rolling into action anyway.
The researchers then studied the data from the biosensors. They found that
the dogs stared longer at the balls while watching the second video. They
also found that their pupils became more dilated. The researchers note that
both reactions are typical for dogs who are more alert to something
unexpected happening. Dilated eyes, for example, also occur in people and
other animals when they encounter something that requires more visual
attention. In this instance, the researchers suggest the dogs became more
alert and watched for a longer period of time because they were expecting
something else to explain why the second ball started rolling.
Reference:
Christoph J. Völter et al, Dogs' looking times and pupil dilation response
reveal expectations about contact causality, Biology Letters (2021).
DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0465
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