As physicists delve deeper into the quantum realm, they are discovering an
infinitesimally small world composed of a strange and surprising array of
links, knots and winding. Some quantum materials exhibit magnetic whirls
called skyrmions—unique configurations described as "subatomic hurricanes."
Others host a form of superconductivity that twists into vortices.
Now, in an article published in Nature a Princeton-led team of physicists
has discovered that electrons in quantum matter can link to one another in
strange new ways. The work brings together ideas in three areas of
science—condensed matter physics, topology, and knot theory—in a new way,
raising unexpected questions about the quantum properties of electronic
systems.
Topology is the branch of theoretical mathematics that studies geometric
properties that can be deformed but not intrinsically changed. Topological
quantum states first came to the public's attention in 2016 when three
scientists, including Duncan Haldane, who is Princeton's Thomas D. Jones
Professor of Mathematical Physics and Sherman Fairchild University Professor
of Physics, were awarded the Nobel Prize for their theoretical prediction of
topology in electronic materials.
Since that time, researchers have sought to expand this area of research to
create a deeper understanding of quantum mechanics, such as in the field of
"quantum topology," which seeks to explain an electron's state as described
by a property called its wave function. This was the catalyst that led to
the current research, said M. Zahid Hasan, the Eugene Higgins Professor of
Physics at Princeton University and the senior author of the study.
"We're studying properties related to the shape of the wave functions of
electrons," said Hasan. "And we have now taken the field to a new frontier."
The essential building block of this new frontier is a quantum mechanical
structure known as a Weyl loop, which involves the winding of massless
electron wave functions in a crystal. In previous groundbreaking work,
published in Science in 2019, the massless Weyl loops were discovered in a
compound composed of cobalt, manganese and gallium, with chemical formula Co2MnGa. This research was led by Hasan and included many of the authors of
the new study. At that time, they understood that the massless Weyl loops
produce exotic behaviors under applied electric and magnetic fields. These
behaviors persisted up to room temperature.
By itself, a Weyl loop is an example of the kind of quantum wave function
winding that is already well known. "Previous examples of topology in
physics often involved the winding of quantum mechanical wave functions,"
said Hasan, who led the current research. "These have been the focus of the
physics community for at least the past decade." These ideas are derived
from the team's earlier works on crystals made from rhodium and silicon
(RhSi), as well as materials called Chern magnets made from the elements
terbium, magnesium and tin (TbMn6Sn6). Both of those discoveries were led by
Professor Hasan's group and reported in Nature in 2019 and then in Nature in
2020.
However, the case of Co2MnGa turned out to be different from wave function
winding considered in conventional topological theories. "Here instead we
have linked loops—our newly discovered knotted topology is of a different
nature and gives rise to different mathematical linking numbers," said Tyler
Cochran, a graduate student in Princeton's Department of Physics and
co-author of the new study.
The Co2MnGa materials were grown by Professor Claudia Felser and her team at
the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids in Germany.
An essential insight came when the Princeton team calculated and understood
that certain quantum materials such as Co2MnGa could host multiple Weyl
loops at the same time. "When multiple Weyl loops co-exist, it becomes
natural to ask whether they can link up and knot in certain ways," Hasan
said.
This realization by Hasan's team sparked fundamental questions about linked
Weyl loops and brought together a team of experts from around the world in
photoemission spectroscopy, mathematical topology, quantum material
synthesis and first-principles quantum calculations to more deeply
understand link topology and knotting in quantum matter.
To observe the link experimentally, the international team collaborated for
more than five years to expand on their earlier works on topological
magnets. The team performed advanced photoemission spectroscopy experiments
at cutting-edge synchrotron radiation facilities in the United States,
Switzerland, Japan and Sweden.
"It turned out to be a fascinating puzzle that kept us hooked for a while,"
said Ilya Belopolski, lead author of the study, formerly a graduate student
in Hasan's lab at Princeton University and now a postdoctoral researcher at
the RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science near Tokyo, Japan. "Unraveling
the intricacies of this elaborate linked quantum structure itself required
more than three years of high-precision and ultra-high-resolution
measurements at the world's leading spectroscopic facilities."
Analysis of the experimental data revealed a counterintuitive object folded
in on itself and wrapping across a higher-dimensional torus. "Understanding
the object's structure required a new bridge between quantum mechanics,
mathematical topology and knot theory," said Guoqing Chang, an author of the
study who is now an assistant professor of physics at Nanyang Technological
University in Singapore. While a former postdoctoral researcher working with
Hasan at Princeton, Chang led one of the early theoretical studies of link
topology in 2017 in a pioneering work in Physical Review Letters.
In fact, the research team found that existing quantum theory of materials
was unable to adequately explain the emergence of this structure. But knot
theory, they recognized, might hold some clues.
"We came to realize that some aspects of knot theory are very powerful in
explaining quantum properties of topological materials that were not
understood before," Hasan said. "This is the first example that we know of
where knot theory has been applied to understand the behavior of topological
magnets. And this a very exciting."
The findings continue and extend the decades-long conversation between
physics and topology, this time bringing in new mathematical ideas to
explain experiments on quantum ferromagnets. "Historically, some of the most
important scientific discoveries arose when humans noticed new connections
between mathematics and natural phenomena. It's always exciting to find
unexpected examples of subtle mathematics in our experiments," Hasan said.
"Even more so, it was interesting that the mathematical connection was in
the field of topology, which has continued to emerge time and again in
different guises in the study of quantum materials."
The researchers intend to expand their research in multiple directions.
Although Hasan and his team focused their efforts on the behavior of
topological magnets, they contend that the theory has the potential of
helping to explain other quantum behaviors. "We believe that knot theory can
also be applied to many other topological conductors, superconductors,
qubits and many other things," he said.
And although the researchers were not thinking about practical
applications—"We were involved in fundamental research," emphasized
Hasan—their insights might help in the development of quantum computing,
especially in developing new types of topological qubits.
References:
Ilya Belopolski et al, Observation of a linked-loop quantum state in a
topological magnet, Nature (2022).
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04512-8
Ilya Belopolski et al, Discovery of topological Weyl fermion lines and
drumhead surface states in a room temperature magnet, Science (2019).
DOI: 10.1126/science.aav2327
Daniel S. Sanchez et al, Topological chiral crystals with helicoid-arc
quantum states, Nature (2019).
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1037-2
Jia-Xin Yin et al, Quantum-limit Chern topological magnetism in TbMn6Sn6,
Nature (2020).
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2482-7
Guoqing Chang et al, Topological Hopf and Chain Link Semimetal States and
Their Application to Co2MnGa, Physical Review Letters (2017).
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.156401
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